History of magazine

History of technology magazine includes history of invention, development and innovation, as well as history of engineering and applied science. Historians of technology have varied backgrounds including engineering, economic history, labor history, history of science, sociology, and social history. Since World War II, the history of technology has taken on some of the attributes of a discipline through the establishment of graduate programs and a scholarly journal of international repute. Historians of technology have focused upon several themes including the relationship between science and technology, the nature of invention, development and innovation, the interaction of technology and environment, and gender studies. Histories of technology magazine have usually taken the narrative form, but since the 1980s sociologists interested in the history of technology have introduced the social constructivist and the actor network approaches. These along with a systems approach are methodologies often used by historians and sociologists of technology.

Key Concepts of Media

Through passion of mine I found my interest waning; my heart guided me towards Media. The aspect of creation is what gravitated me towards media. For now, I would say it's hard work but also extremely rewarding to learn so much from it. With this said I’m now familiar with 7 key media concepts, that allowed me to become familiar with the aspect that media production is done through analysis and meaningful sewing of media concepts and technicalities. The key concepts are broken down by and learnt by remembering the acronym ' MIGRAIN', which translates to; Media Forms and Languages: conveying meaning through signs and symbols Institution: entity which produces media Genre: the classification of the product Representation: what different groups and people are shown as Audience: people who are privy to and watching the media production Ideology: what point of view is being tried to portray Narrative: how the story is being told Following this I am also now privy to media texts and their uses in media production, this being said I find it it very interesting how learning all this has opened my eyes to the working of social media , promotion , drama and radio staging.

Learning About Genres

Through research today, I learned about various magazine subgenres about what genre is and how it affects producers as well as the audience.We also learned about how genres are used and how they are criticized. A genre is a classification of various textual forms that are portrayed in various ways.It has elements that are referred to as paradigms and can be demonstrated using a variety of styles.They assist the audience in recognizing a genre by: Iconography:signs or symbols that people could hear. Structure:the structure of the text or the way it is written. Theme:What ideas have been brought to light? Audience Genre is important because it tells the audience what they want from producers.Texts are purchased by audiences based on their genre, as certain types of content are required by a particular group of people.The audience is made aware of what makes them happy and what they need by categorizing genres.In addition, it establishes the populace's hopes and expectations. Genre also gives producers an advantage because it lets them know what a lot of people want, so they can make that kind of content and make money.Producers limit their creativity to what the public wants, creating content that may not be true but still satisfies the audience. Disadvantage of Genre establishes rules for both media production and consumption as well as a connection between the two.However, categorizing media products into genres has some drawbacks, one of which is that it prevents producers from creating new content, which results in text and storyline repetition.Different experimentation is limited because there won't be a new genre, and people who understand media texts through genres won't know about it.

Lighting

In film-making and photography the term lighting refers to how light has been used by the cinematographer , photographer and director.

At its most basic level, lighting allows photographers to capture an image in the first place.

Most photographers however, want to do more than just create images we can see clearly. Instead they want to create scenes where the lighting itself adds mood and meaning.

Lighting can contribute to narratives in many ways, such as creating atmosphere or contributing to characterisation

Types of lighting

There are a number of basic types of lighting that are used for different effects in film.

Guidance on how these effects are practically achieved can be found in the production skills section.

There are just two basic light sources used to create most lighting styles:

The key light is the primary and brightest source of light, placed to the side of the camera and pointed at the scene or subject

The fill light is a secondary light source used to balance out the key light and change the level of shadow

It is also important to consider the following techniques and the atmosphere they create.

Beyond that the other types include

Backlight: A light positioned behind the subject, often casting them into darkness.

Rim light: A light positioned above and slightly behind the subject which helps to define the edge of the figure. Sometimes referred to as a hair light.

It is also important to consider the following techniques and the atmosphere they create;

1:High key

In high key lighting a powerful key light source is balanced with fill lights to give us a brightly lit image with little or no shadows.

2:Low Key

In low key lighting set-ups the amount of fill lighting is minimized, helping to create shadows and darker areas.

Another thing to consider would be the result of lighting

Hard light is a lighting source that casts harsh shadows.

Soft light is a lighting source that creates a diffuse, ambient light.

Magazine Cover Elements

When someone opens your magazine, the cover is the first thing they see.They will buy it if it speaks to them.But a great cover design will not only make it easier to sell your magazine, but it will also pique readers' curiosity and encourage them to look through the rest of the issue.Yes, that is the significance of a magazine cover.However, how can you tell whether a cover design is adequate?

Be assured that you can quickly determine this by studying the greats of magazine cover design and drawing inspiration from them. While it is true that you must adhere to certain guidelines and make use of particular elements when designing a magazine cover, there are many different approaches.It doesn't matter what, it's critical that every aspect of the cover design work seamlessly together.Therefore, you must first be familiar with the fundamental components before we move on to more specifics regarding the design of a magazine cover.

Masthead

Of course, we have to start with the most important one. The masthead represents the name of the publication and is the

most crucial aspect of your magazine cover design. Professionally designed magazine covers make the mast head stand out besides the other elements. Therefore, it’s good practice to set it right in the center and make it as big as possible. It will also help people to recognize your magazine among all the others.So follow what magazine designers do and use a big and bold font for the masthead. Also, don’t forget that the masthead’s color has a crucial role in making it pop even more. Therefore, it’s helpful to adapt the title’s color to match the image and theme you’ll use on the front cover.

Issue and dateline

This section contains the date, month, year, and issue number of the publication. Some magazines, like Vogue, only specify the month and year as they only publish one issue for each month. And usually, some magazines also add the price in this section.

Main image

The main image of the magazine cover is usually a representative illustration of the content within the magazine. It should best reflect what the issue is all about. Big magazines typically portray a well-known celebrity or a visually appealing image that easily triggers an emotion.One thing you should have in mind when designing your magazine cover is to use professional images. When you invest in high-quality photos and have a cover image that stands out among the others, you improve the chances of selling more.

Lead article

The lead article reflects the central issue of a magazine. Maybe an interview with an artist, an expert on a subject, and the list can go on. It’s recommended to use a different font for the lead article to let the readers know the issue’s theme and main story.

Supporting cover lines

The supporting cover lines are topics that can revolve around the same theme or simply be completely different subjects. When it comes to placing them on the magazine’s cover, the key is balance. Try to make them clear, short, and concise. Also, go for a more subtle font and choose a smaller size to avoid distracting the reader from the main attractions.

Bar code

Most of the time, the bar code area is made by the printing house you collaborate with, but it’s helpful to plan and have it in mind when designing the cover. Try to leave a little space for the bar code in some part of the corner area. Maybe you also noticed that they add the price above the bar code in some magazines, but it’s not a mandatory option. You can decide what works best for your cover and even change the place in other issues.

Reference:Flipsnack

Breifs

Research (breifs)

For our AS task we were given two choices and I have chosen to do print media in the form of a magazine. We will be allowed to choose our genre alongside creating the content page, the double spread and the cover page.

As we have chosen magazine it needs to be done individually. All images and text used in the main task must be original and produced by the student with a minimum of four images. This task should be preceded by preliminary exercises to build up learners skills with equipment and their understanding of conventions.

Magazine cover

Out of our several choices of media texts we decided to work on a magazine first. magazine cover is the first noticeable thing about a magazine. therefore there are particulars and codes and conventions attached to it .Through reading notes and going through presentations prepared by my teacher i now stand before you a well informed analytic of magazine cover. The magazine cover Codes and Conventions are as follows:

1MastHead- The Title

has a trademark unique logo

it is placed in top width or top left of the magazine cover

it is a positioning statement ; as to how the magazine positions itself in the market

2Tagline

it is found underneath the masthead. it is a description of the main issue

3Main cover Photo

The main photo is a feature of the main article of the magazine. it is often a medium or

close up shot to make sure the subject is clear. however that is a convention that is no longer

adhered to. It can be thought provoking or a clear representative of the genre of the magazine.

4Main Coverline

This is the largest text on the cover after the title and it anchors the meaning of the image. Usually a sub line in smaller text giving more information about the article.

Other cover lines are usually one or two words with sub lines explaining them. Some are used to intrigue the reader. These must represent the stories inside. There are only 5 or 6 and they are positioned down the sides, framing the image, so the main image is not covered. These are usually in the same font to create a distinctive design.

1Coverlines:

These are lines of text featuring the numerous topics discussed in the magazine. they help attract an audience.

2Puff:

Puffs gives the promotional features. it can be an eye catching graphic of other aspects inside the magazine an can be an attractive force or the readers or buyers. it looks like a sticker stuck on the magazine.

3Strip:

A list of topics discussed in the magazine. often on the the right and left margins

All these aspects on the covers helps attract an audience especially with the minimum possible information given on the cover. The right use of these aspects can be a huge help in boosting sales.

Issue date

Main image

Main coverline/ lead article coverline

Media language

Some information on media forms which include print books magazine or well anything interactive with a story to tell and something to say. I proceeded to learn the formation of these media forms , and something that was very interesting to learn was that all kind of media forms are called media ' text'. Anyway, moving on media language in itself is how media text is perceived , and the way to interpret is often through signs and symbols where they are put together in intricate ways to create meaning. Codes fall into different categories after that: 1:Technical Codes : camera techniques ; framing of the camera , lighting , exposure and juxtapositions in the frame 2:Symbolic codes: objects , setting , body language clothing and colors in the frame and how they are interpreted 3:Written Codes: Headlines , captions , speech , bubbles and language style 4:Audio Codes : dialogues , sound effects , music scores voice over Moving forward there are also Media Conventions ; rules or continuous ways of doing something for example ascribing a meaning to eyes as the windows to the soul. while forming a media text one might use conventions to connotate something with a long ascribed meaning or to purposefully move away from the convention.

Media studies involves the analysis of various forms of media, including typography, which is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable, and appealing. Typography plays a significant role in media design, as it can convey a message or mood to an audience through its style, size, and color.

Here are some typography details and examples in media studies:

Typeface: A typeface is a set of characters with a consistent design. Examples of typefaces include Times New Roman, Arial, and Helvetica.
Font: A font is a specific size, weight, and style of a typeface. For example, Times New Roman 12-point is a font.
Serif: Serifs are small lines or flourishes that extend from the ends of letters in some typefaces. Serifs can give text a traditional, classic look. Times New Roman is an example of a serif typeface.
Sans-serif: Sans-serif typefaces do not have serifs, giving them a more modern, sleek appearance. Examples of sans-serif typefaces include Arial and Helvetica.
Kerning: Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between individual characters to improve legibility and aesthetics.
Leading: Leading refers to the amount of space between lines of text. Proper leading can improve readability and make text easier on the eyes.
Color: Color can be used in typography to convey mood, emotion, and emphasis. For example, red can indicate urgency, while blue can indicate calmness.

Examples of typography in media studies can be found in advertisements, websites, and social media posts. For instance, an advertisement for a luxury car might use a serif typeface to convey a classic and sophisticated image, while a social media post for a trendy clothing brand might use a sans-serif typeface to convey a modern and youthful image.

Reference Chatgpt

Typography

Importance of colour

Color plays a crucial role in the making of a magazine, as it can affect the magazine's overall appearance, tone, and message. Here are some reasons why color is essential in magazine design:

Attracting Attention: Color is a powerful tool for catching the reader's attention and drawing them into the magazine. Bold and vibrant colors can be used to create eye-catching covers and headlines that stand out on the newsstand or in a reader's mailbox.
Setting the Tone: The color palette used in a magazine can communicate the overall tone or mood of the content. For example, warm colors like red, orange, and yellow can evoke a sense of energy and excitement, while cool colors like blue and green can create a more calming and relaxed atmosphere.
Enhancing Legibility: Color can be used to improve the legibility of the magazine's content. For instance, using a dark font on a light background can make the text easier to read, while using light-colored text on a dark background can create a more dramatic effect.
Conveying Emotions: Colors can evoke different emotions and feelings in readers. For example, the color red is associated with passion, love, and excitement, while blue is associated with calmness, trust, and reliability.
Creating Consistency: A consistent color scheme can unify the magazine's content and create a sense of cohesion throughout the publication. Using a consistent color palette can also help establish the magazine's brand identity and make it more recognizable to readers.

Overall, color is an essential element in the making of a magazine, and careful consideration of color choices can greatly impact the success of a publication.

Photography

What is photography?

The word Photography literally means 'drawing with light', which derives from the Greek photo, meaning light and graph, meaning to draw. Photography is the process of recording an image – a photograph – on lightsensitive film or, in the case of digital photography, via a digital electronic or magnetic memory.

Reference:IMMA

Camera for photography

camera, in photography, device for recording an image of an object on a light-sensitive surface; it is essentially a light-tight box with an aperture to admit light focused onto a sensitized film or plate.A brief treatment of cameras follows.

Though there are many types of cameras, all include five indispensable components:

(1) the camera box, which holds and protects the sensitive film from all light except that entering through the lens;

(2) film, on which the image is recorded, a light-sensitive strip usually wound on a spool, either manually or automatically, as successive pictures are taken;

(3) the light control, consisting of an aperture or diaphragm and a shutter, both often adjustable;

(4) the lens, which focuses the light rays from the subject onto the film, creating the image, and which is usually adjustable by moving forward or back, changing the focus; andThe earliest camera was the camera obscura, which was adapted to making a permanent image by Joseph Nicéphore Niepce and Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre of France in the 1820s and 1830s. Many improvements followed in the 19th century, notably flexible film, developed and printed outside the camera. In the 20th century a variety of cameras was developed for many different purposes, including aerial photography, document copying, and scientific research.

Reference: Britannica

The three fundamental camera settings:

SHUTTER SPEED

A camera's shutter determines when the camera sensor will be open or closed to incoming light from the camera lens. The shutter speed specifically refers to how long this light is permitted to enter the camera. "Shutter speed" and "exposure time" refer to the same concept, where a faster shutter speed means a shorter exposure time.By the Numbers. Shutter speed's influence on exposure is perhaps the simplest of the three camera settings: it correlates exactly 1:1 with the amount of light entering the camera. For example, when the exposure time doubles the amount of light entering the camera doubles. It's also the setting that has the widest range of possibilities.

APERTURE SETTING:

A camera's aperture setting controls the area over which light can pass through your camera lens. It is specified in terms of an f-stop value, which can at times be counterintuitive, because the area of the opening increases as the f-stop decreases. In photographer slang, when someone says they are "stopping down" or "opening up" their lens, they are referring to increasing and decreasing the f-stop value, respectively.

ISO SPEED:

The ISO speed determines how sensitive the camera is to incoming light. Similar to shutter speed, it also correlates 1:1 with how much the exposure increases or decreases. However, unlike aperture and shutter speed, a lower ISO speed is almost always desirable, since higher ISO speeds dramatically increase image noise. As a result, ISO speed is usually only increased from its minimum value if the desired aperture and shutter speed aren't otherwise obtainable.

LONG SHOT:This shot is from a distance and often used as an establishing shot to set the scene in a film.

CLOSE UP SHOT:This shot shows the subject up close. it focuses on the details of an objet or expressions of a person. it is

usually taken up from head to shoulder of a person or if it is an object it lends little to no background knowledge.

EXTREME CLOSE UP SHOT:This is one of our most popular services available. It’s made a big difference for many of our customers, and is provided with the highest level of excellence. With this service, we ensure all details are simple, seamless and handled in a timely manner.

WIDE ANGLE SHOT:This is also known as an extremely long shot. It works on capturing a wide view of the scene , gives a large amount of background information and can also be known as an establishing shot.

FULL SHOT:This Shot works on capturing the full head to toe shot of the subject. This shot establishes focus on the subject rather than the background.

2 SHOT:A shot that features 2 people , it can be a long shot or a mid shot.

OVER THE SHOULDER:Over the shoulder shot is taken from over the shoulder of a person to show the main subject.

POINT OF VIEW SHOT:This is a shot taken from the perspective of the subject. it shows whatever is being seen by the subject.

MACRO SHOT:shows the close up of an object. The shot is taken as such that the size is bigger than life size.

AERIAL SHOT:This is a bird's view of the camera. It is taken from above and shows a deeper understanding of the narrative in the shot.

EYE LEVEL SHOT:This is Eye Level Shot also known as the Neutral Impression to show a neutral effect on the audience.

HIGH LEVEL SHOT:This is taken from above the subject. often the subject is looking in the lens. directors of media people might use this to show the inferiority of the subject in the shot.

LOW LEVEL SHOT:The following shot is taken by placing the camera below eye level. The subject shown in the picture is given a dominant aspect with glorification.

OBLIQUE SHOT:Disorientation and confusion is a conventional connotation of this shot. it is also called the Dutch angle. It is taken in a tilted frame.

Historic Architecture